Dynamics of Apartheid in South Africa

Dynamics of Apartheid in South Africa It is easy to forget that Apartheid only finished twenty six years ago in 1991 when the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act was passed this subsequently led to the repealing of the laws enforcing racial segregation which included the Group Areas Act. Apartheid is the word given to racial segregation in South Africa; this was specifically a former policy of segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in the Republic of South Africa (Merriam-Webster, 2011). In this essay I will discuss both the political and economic discrimination that took place while also looking at the subtle but important undertones of religion that also affected Apartheid.ÂÂ   The essay will be split into three sections, with the first section discussing how the laws that were passed during the period of Apartheid were inextricably linked to an attempt to control the non-European in the society of the time in South Africa and to solidify the power of the politi cal in power at the time. The second part of this essay will look at how this control worked economically and if there was anything that the non-Europeans in South Africa could do in an attempt to bypass them. It will also consider whether the control it exercised truly did result in the continuation of power being in the hands of the whites or if it actually ended up accelerating the process that led to the era of Apartheid being overturned and Nelson Mandela being inaugurated into being the first voted in Black president of South Africa as part of the African National Congress. Finally the essay will consider the role that religion had in this era of Apartheid. Whether religion ended up helping the formation of segregation or whether it was unhelpful towards the movement. Religion is always portrayed as a beacon of uniting those from different races and ethnicities around the world. This essay will consider whether this was the case or whether Apartheid made religion lose sight of its purpose and morals and promoted the political philosophy of Apartheid. When considering the laws that came into being during the time of the National Party it is important to consider the history of legislation in South Africa. There were long-standing laws from the time of the British and Afrikaner administrations in South Africa. A good example of this would be the Glen Grey Act of 1894, (Smythe N C, 1995) this was the original legislation of land reclamation to the white population from the native population. The Glen Grey act also created a tax on labour that forced Xhosa men, an ethnic group that is mainly situated around the south and south eastern part of South Africa, into work on farms and other industry. It is important to consider the effect that these laws from colonial times had on the laws that came into effect during the time of Apartheid. With regards to Segregation, there were multiple laws that came into effect but none that had such a great impact as The Population Registration Act, 1950. This required that every person who was a citizen of South Africa be classified and registered into a racial class to divide the population up (Dugard, 2016). All inhabitants in South Africa at the time were divided into categories; these were Black, White and Coloured (mixed) later on in the period Indians were added to the category list, this was for those who originated from South Asia and India. This act was the foundation of everything that became Apartheid, it led to the forbidding for a white and a person of another race to marry and then a year later in 1950 it became a crime for any white person to have sexual intercourse with any person of another race (Robertson and Whitten, 1978). These laws were an attempt to divide the population and with which the administration that was leading the country would be able to demote w ho were not white into lesser positions in society and also to move them through land reclamation. This law was not repealed until June 17th 1991 by The South African Parliament. This was the first act of legislation with Apartheid being foreseen by the government and as mentioned earlier became the foundation of everything that apartheid became. This is a good example of a dynamic that occurred during the time of Apartheid in South Africa Another piece of legislation that came in was in 1953, this was The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953, this was again an initiative with which to exercise more racial segregation in South Africa and solidify the idea of apartheid. This act legalised the segregation of public places vehicles and services. This left only roads that were excluded from this law and meant they became the only area where all races were together.ÂÂ   Within this law there were multiple sections that had minor details in which became incredibly important. One of these was Section 3a; this made it permissible to completely exclude someone from public places, vehicles or services based solely on their race. This preceded section 3b; this bylaw meant that the facilities for the two races did not have to be equal, or anywhere near the same quality. This meant that in reality the best facilities were reserved for whites and those that were outdated or inferior where given to the other races. This le d to total segregation between races and the creation of white-only jobs. This finally ended up with the cementing of the National Partys control over the economic and social systems in the country. This ended up leading to the National Partys plan for the Grand Apartheid a plan to emphasise the territorial separation and the continuation and enlargement of the police repression that had been occurring throughout the period of apartheid. This is an incredibly important part of Apartheid and the effects it had on the population in South Africa. Secondly, with regards to legislation in an attempt to exercise control in 1953 the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act were passed, this led to the empowerment of the government to declare a state of emergency at which there would be increased penalties for those who were considered in contempt of the laws. These penalties included fines, imprisonment and even whippings; there are multiple stories of the government declaring a state of emergency in an attempt to crush any potential uprising that there may have been potential for. One good example of this would be in 1960, a large groups of people classified as black, from an area called Sharepeville refused to carry their identification papers which identified which race class they were part of and also where they were from. The government decided that this was grounds for the declaration of a state of emergency; this emergency lasted for one hundred and fifty six days and involved sixty nine people dying and one hu ndred and eighty seven people wounded. These people died because of the demonstrations against what was perceived to be unfair pass laws, it led to the South African Police opening fire against the demonstrators and killing all these people. This is another example of how the imposing of Apartheid by the government of the day let to terrible and unjust treatment of certain races in South Africa at the time; it also went a long way to suggesting that the white regime had no intention of changing the unjust laws of Apartheid. This again discusses a key dynamic of Apartheid in South Africa During Apartheid one of the ways that control was upheld by the government was through an extremely brutal and well ordered police force that was at the disposal at the government to quieten and extinguish and those who had become disenfranchised with the Apartheid regime. This was a non-white majority in the country that was growing increasingly restless with the regime and this ended up leading to the Sharepville massacre as mentioned above. When there was a State of Emergency ordered in the country the police would then be assisted by the military. The government of the time ordered multiple strategies to stifle any anti-apartheid activists and critics of the white minority government. Some of these tactics included counter-insurgency and intimidation. Over the period from 1960 to 1990 sixty seven people died in police custody or detention either from hanging or torture or what was put down to natural causes although there is strong evidence to suggest that this was in fact not th e actual cause of death in many cases. (Goldberg, n.d.) This is another dynamic of Apartheid and the impacts it had on South Africa Another way in which legislation led to forcible control by the minority white led government was through forcible relocation. This was a policy where over 86% of the country was granted to the white South African population. This meant that the other colour populations were forced to relocate from where they lived or even originally came from. Normally this would be relocation outside the city limits or if they were Black Africans they would be relocated to one of the ten Bantustans, these were communities that were set up specifically for to home major African ethnic groups. These were state-created communities usually put in the least desirable places where there was little to no natural resources industry or any kind of workable farmland. They also regularly had little to no public transport and were given little to no chance to build high quality communities. The government also passed laws saying that these were the only areas where Black political rights were recognised and ac cepted. Outside of these specific areas the Black Africans were unable to vote or even own land. This was regardless of whether their families had been there for or whether there were historical ancestors who had inhabited the area as well. This policy resulted in major relocation and devastating results for this demographic. From 1950 to 1986, there were more than 1.5 million Africans of colour that were forcibly removed from their homes and relocated from the urban centres or major mineral areas and also the most fertile land. These areas were given to the minority whites and the Black population was moved either to Bantustans or to newly formed townships that were springing up all over the country as people were looking for better environments for their families and relations. This is another example of a key dynamic of apartheid and how it had a dramatic effect. Finally, when looking at the dynamic of religion with regards to the time of Apartheid in South Africa there is a lot to consider. When looking at religion with a focus on Christianity it is important to consider that the church attempts to create an image of an all-inclusive and non-judgemental institution. However, the best example of the church and Apartheid would be to look at the Dutch Reformed Church. This is also a good example as during Apartheid Christianity was by far the most popular religion with over 85% of the total population. Apartheid became an incredibly difficult period for the church as it had to deal with segregation and whether there was a need to align itself with the rest of South Africa during the time and have split churches for congregations who were coloured and congregations for those who were white. This created huge tensions and then when the Dutch Reformed Church decided to actively promote racial divisions through endorsing Apartheid it was extremely controversial. The Dutch Reformed church became known as the official religion of the National Party during the Apartheid era. This was put down to Chruch leaders over the 1970s and 1980s, the assumption by church leaders that the congregation were in favour of Apartheid led to them being incredibly committed to Apartheid and even more so than much of their congregations. In the long run this commitment to the cause of Apartheid became increasingly damaging and led to the church becoming an impediment to political reform. This, however, is not to say that all clergy and leaders were for Apartheid, there were some very famous members of the church who openly spoke out against Apartheid. One of these was Reverend Beyers Naude who famously left his white only church and went to be part of a parish that was for all blacks, this created a huge stir within the church and was a huge show of support to the anti-Apartheid movement. This, however, was not the case throughout the church there are many examples of church leaders being anti-Apartheid. One good example of this is senior officials within the Roman Catholic Church in South Africa opposing apartheid. This was not without opposition though and it led to the creation of the South African Catholic Defence League that ended up condemning any type of political involvement by the church and it also ended up opposing many other of the demands from the Catholic Church. This shows that religion was again a key factor in the period of Apartheid and that it contributed both in a negative and positive way. The above then suggests that there were a multitude of dynamics that were in fact integral to the period of Apartheid in South Africa. The above shows that with these the white minority within South Africa at the time was able to exercise control through legislature that ended up confining those in society who were of different races to unfair treatment. This period of Apartheid has led to unimaginable suffering for those who were suppressed during the period of Apartheid and even when the period of Apartheid came to an end the damage done by this period was so severe that South Africa remains racially divided. Even though Apartheid ended over 20 years ago now the recovery from this systematic and brutal racial discrimination has been difficult and continues today. Apartheid means apartness in Afrikaans and this separation led to such irreparable damage that it has warranted the South African Government to create the National Development Plan (NDP) that has had to be aimed at elimina ting poverty and reducing inequality by 2030. One of the main aims of this is to reduce inequality between races in the country. This is because the entrenched racism that was created by Apartheid was not easy to eliminate immediately. I think that the above factors discussed, show why this was so difficult to eliminate. For one demographic to sit on the top if the pile while all others were treated so badly would always result in bitterness and a feeling of the need for revenge. So above shows what the key dynamics of Apartheid were and also the terrible results that that has continued to have on South Africa today. References Apartheid Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2011. Web. 16th May 2017.

Questioning the Truth of the News Essay -- Television Newspaper Media

INTRO/PROBLEMS The window to the world can be covered by a newspaper,† this quote by Polish writer Stanislaw Lec sums up the problem with the news media. It is the job of the news media to provide the public with news events happening around the world. Without these news reports, people would be oblivious to what is going on around them. Our lives rest in the media's hands, and they are fully aware of this. The news is a very competitive business, and because of this what gets reported is not necessarily what the story is. Since there are different journalists reporting on the same events, each newspaper and newscast has its own way and style of reporting. They also have different gate keeping processes that make them unique. They may do anything to get the story, no matter whose lives they destroy. Criticizing the news has become increasingly popular recently due to the fact that the media has shifted from a positive to a negative view in the public's eyes. Since every newscast and newspaper is different, the stories that they broadcast to the public may be altered in one way or another. As the quote above illustrates, the news media do not always illustrate the world in the right perspective and can hinder the way people look at it. It seems as though it is the job of the news to report only on negative aspects of the world. Hardly ever does one see anything positive being reported. This throws everybody’s perception off about the world around them. The media influence society’s opinions rather than having people form opinions themselves. Newspapers and newscasts use a process called agenda setting to keep the public thinking about certain issues while avoiding other issues that might be more important. Agenda setting i... ..., D. (2003). So was saving private jessica a sham? Daily Mail (London), 18, 19. 8) N.A. (2004). Pentagon papers. Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http://encyclopedia.com/html/p/pentp1ap.asp. 9) N.A. (2004). Watergate scandal. Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http://encyclopedia.com/html/section/Watergat_TheWatergateBreak-in.asp. 10) N.A. (2001). The Pentagon papers. National Press Club. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http://www.vva.org/pentagon/history/history.html. 11) Perse, E. (2001). Media effects and society. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 12) Priest, D. (2003). Is jessica a war hero? The Vancouver Province, C1. 13) Todorovich, L (1997). Deep throat suspects. The Washington Post. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/deept.htm.

Online Billing System

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Online Bill Payment system helps keep your information organized in a simple and convenient way. We've developed advanced tools that help organize and pay all your bills, whether they're recurring or one-time payments. Now your information can be consolidated in one easily accessible online resource. Learn more below and pay your bills quicker and easier than ever before. 1. 1 Background to Research A wide variety of payment mechanisms as well as related services is currently available. This section provides a summary of the uptake of online payments, and is followed by a brief account of common payment systems.A number of online payment systems have been developed in Europe, especially where offline bank transfers are already well established. The most common and easy to use include: online banking transfers where the account holder is redirected to the bank is Web site by the merchant site to effect payment. Other options are: i) electronic and mobile banking which have more advanced features, for example, schedule payments and ii) EBPP, where instead of having to enter all transaction details manually, these are automatically entered from the electronic bill and the payer only authorises.The EBPP provider (either bank or third party) establishes contracts with the organisations whose bills it can present electronically (e. g. utility companies) and will send in the bills the buyer has authorised. The report concentrates on business-to-consumer online payments rather than on business-to business (B2B) financial transactions. With the success of online auctions person-to-person markets have gained in importance and are also considered. The various offline payment options available for buying on line are not dealt with. 1. 2 Project overviewThis application administrates its users and customers. The system is easy to use with simple knowledge of computer. The applied principles in this system are instinctive and depend on running applicat ion at user interface. The following steps are included in the developing of an application. * Information collection * Design * Coding and assigning * Testing * Applying the application at User end 1. 3 Objectives This project will serve the following objectives:- * Add and maintain records * Add and maintain customer details. * Provides economic/financial reports to the owner monthly or weekly and yearly. Provides a convenient solution of billing pattern. * Make an easy to use environment for users and customers. 1. 4 Project scope * The online Billing application is providing with efficient GUI to the user and can be installed in other systems easily. * The modules is divided into * Login * Create User * Add entry * Erase Entry * Modify Entry- 1. Search name, 2. By mobile number. * This project will help the store keeper in fast billing * This project enable to maintain a great database of all customers visited. * This project is web based and easy to use Easy to maintain in futu re prospect. * Powerfull online payments software * Secure, Flexible and customizable. 1. 5 Features * Security:Security is one of the most important features that customers and businesses look for in a billing system. The all encompassing security feature you do not want to go without is PCI compliance. To be PCI compliant, a system must meet all the security standards set by the PRCI SSC (Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council). If your business is primarily B2B versus B2C, you may want to consider Level 3 Processing, as ell. * View Invoice and Payment History Online:Â  Your customers will love being able to view their invoice and payment history online. By offering an EBPP to your customers, they will be able to access this information easily without having to call your office and talk to an employee to get their simple questions answered. They will be able to access this information anytime, virtually anywhere. Talk about convenient! * Email Reminders:Â  Another onli ne billing feature your customers will appreciate are the email reminders.By utilizing an online billing system, you can create emails that will remind customers of late payments, upcoming payments, and changes to account easily and quickly. * Store Customer Payment Preferences:Â  These billing systems also can store your customers’ payment preferences online. It is secure and convenient. This way your customer can just set it and forget it. It cuts the payment process time down. Your customers will appreciate how this saves time and effort. * Autopay Functions:Â  The benefit that your customers will love if they decided to use is the autopay function.Your customers can have their bill taken out of their bank account each month automatically, if they so choose. This is convenient for customers who really want to save time. It also benefits customers who may be prone to forgetting to pay. This guarentees that they will not receive a late fee, as their bills will always be pa id on time. * Easiness in modification of data: The system provides managing of huge data effectively and efficiently for efficient results,storing the details of the customers, employees etc. in such a way that the database can be modified. User friendly: The system is user friendly because the retrieval and storing of data is fast and data is maintained efficiently. Moreover the graphical user interface is provided in the proposed system, which provides user to deal with the system very easily. * Sharing the data is possible: Data can be shared in proposed system. This means that two or more persons can use the same data in existing system provided that they have right to access that data. Also the two or more departments in an organization can easily interact with eachother without the actual movement of data. No or very few paperwork: The proposed system either does not require paper work or very few paper works is required. All the data is feted into the computer immediately an d various bills and reports can be generated through computers. Since all the data is kept in a database nodata of the organization can be destroyed. Moreover work becomes very easy because there is no need to keep data on papers. * Support strategic competitive advantage: Proposed system supports strategic competitive advantages.Since the proposed systems provide easiness in reports generating it will provide strategic advantages among competitors. * Computer operator control: Computer operator control will be there no errors. Moreover storing and retrieving of information is easy. So work can be done speedily and in time. Chapter 2 TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY The choice of technologies for your project implementation is a critical issue because it will not only influence your project development time and cost, but also will determine how your application will stand the test of time and will be approved and appreciated by your clients.With Itransition Business Analysts you will be able to n avigate all the technologies and platforms listed below, to choose the most up-to-date and win-win solution. You will be able to discuss and negotiate the choice of the programming languages and technologies suitable for project aims, size and budget. We are always attentive to all your requirements and wishes, including technological preferences, because we believe that only close cooperation with our customers all the way in project development can bring a visible and effective outcome.Programming Language were used in developing this application: JAVA with JS, Javascipt, HTML. RAM 64 MB and 2 GB hard disk. Operating Systems: Windows 95 & higher version. * Web Technology: Asp. net (Microsoft visual studio 2005 framework 2. 0) * Database: MySQL Server-2005 * Development Tool: MS Visual Studio 2005 * Web Server: IIS * Web browser: Internet Explorer service pack 1 * Languages Used: C#. net, JavaScript,JAVA,HTML * Others: Themes, CSS

Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer - 1192 Words

Choose a health topic related to primary prevention, secondary prevention, or tertiary care. Explain why this is an important topic of discussion based on your personal belief, and based on valid research. Paper should be 1.5 – 2 pages. APA format must be followed. Detailed assignment information will be provided. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women and the 2nd most leading cause of their death. It is estimated that 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their life time and it will claim as many as 40,000 lives in the US only.( http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts) Primary prevention can play a key role in substantially reducing the chances of developing breast cancer Early†¦show more content†¦Mind benign breast malfunction can also increase the chances of having breast cancer in later stages of a woman/s life. Irradiation at early age also increases risks of getting breast cancer. Prevention through lifestyle. Diet and nutritions is controversial but fat consumtion has been associated with breast cancer. Different studies have shown conflicting results and therefore this area is open for more research. Obesity, however, has been clearly associated with raising the risk factor just like smoking and long term alcohol consumtion does too. Primary prevention. Life style modification studies have yielded different and controversial results. However, disregarding the impact od life syle change, it can lead to better health over all as well reduce the over all risk factor. This may include physical activity, healthy weight, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption. Ec. Women with high risk of cancer due to genetic mutation may consider non Some primary prevention measures such as prophylactic oophorectomy in young women(35 and under) has shown to reduce the breast cancer by 60 percent but this surgery comes with many unpleasant symptoms. 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